U.S. Code = Statutes - The Public Library of Law

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url(../Images/AdvancedOptionsLeft.gif) no-repeat left bottom; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .Caselaw .AdvancedSearchLink = { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/AdvancedOptionsArrow.gif) no-repeat right center; COLOR: = #336699; TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .Caselaw = .AdvancedSearchLinkOpen { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/AdvancedOptionsArrowRotated.gif) no-repeat right center; = COLOR: #336699; TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .Caselaw .AdvancedSearchLink = .Arrow { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/AdvancedOptionsArrow.gif) no-repeat right center } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .Caselaw .AdvancedSearchLink = .ArrowRotated { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/AdvancedOptionsArrowRotated.gif) no-repeat right center } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H1 { COLOR: #023962 } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H2 { COLOR: #023962 } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H3 { COLOR: #023962 } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H1 { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 335px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H2 { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 335px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H3 { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 335px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .StartDate { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 335px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .EndDate { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 335px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H1 { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 15px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f5f5f5 1px dashed } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions H3 { MARGIN-TOP: 10px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions HR { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #abc1ca 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; = BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 20px 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #beced4 1px solid; = BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .StartDate { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .EndDate { =09 } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .StartDate .Label { DISPLAY: block; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 5em } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .EndDate .Label { DISPLAY: block; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 5em } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .StartDate SELECT { WIDTH: 100px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .EndDate SELECT { WIDTH: 100px } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .Jurisdictions { =09 } .PLOL .MainSearch .AdvancedOptions .Jurisdictions SELECT { WIDTH: 25em } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .StateSelectorLabel { DISPLAY: block; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .StateSelector { MARGIN: 5px 0px; WIDTH: 100% } .PLOL .MainSearch .SearchWidget .TabNavBody .GoButton { FLOAT: right } .PLOL .BasicPage .PrimaryNavigation { PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px = solid; POSITION: relative } .PLOL .BasicPage .Content { PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; MARGIN: 0px auto; PADDING-TOP: 20px } .PLOL .BasicPage .Content H1 { =09 } .PLOL .FormWidget H1 { =09 } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer { BORDER-RIGHT: #586a83 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/FooterBackground.gif) #455367 repeat-x; BORDER-LEFT: = #586a83 1px solid; COLOR: #c3d1e4; LINE-HEIGHT: 40px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #586a83 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer { BORDER-RIGHT: #586a83 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/FooterBackground.gif) #455367 repeat-x; BORDER-LEFT: = #586a83 1px solid; COLOR: #c3d1e4; LINE-HEIGHT: 40px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #586a83 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer .Links { FLOAT: left } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer .Links { FLOAT: left } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer A { COLOR: #c3d1e4 } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer A:hover { COLOR: #c3d1e4 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer A { COLOR: #c3d1e4 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer A:hover { COLOR: #c3d1e4 } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer .Watermark { FLOAT: right; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer .Watermark { FLOAT: right; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px } .PLOL .BasicPage .Footer .Watermark IMG { MARGIN-TOP: 8px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; = BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Footer .Watermark IMG { MARGIN-TOP: 8px; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; = BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation { MIN-HEIGHT: 90px; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; MARGIN: 0px auto; OVERFLOW: = hidden; WIDTH: 76em; PADDING-TOP: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px = solid; POSITION: relative; HEIGHT: 7.6em } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigationInnerWrapper { LEFT: 250px; WIDTH: 60em; POSITION: relative; TEXT-ALIGN: left! = important } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Logo { Z-INDEX: 10; LEFT: 10px; WIDTH: 170px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 10px; = HEIGHT: 40px } .PLOL .Logo IMG { BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: = 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabStrip { TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabStrip UL { MARGIN: 0px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody { PADDING-LEFT: 15px; BACKGROUND: url(../Images/SearchWidgetLeft.gif) = no-repeat left top; WIDTH: 43em; HEIGHT: 51px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody .InputGroup { PADDING-RIGHT: 15px; PADDING-LEFT: 15px; BACKGROUND: = url(../Images/SearchWidgetRight.gif) no-repeat right top; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 15px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 15px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody .Caselaw { MARGIN: 0px auto } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody = .StateSelectorLabel { =09 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody .StateSelector = { WIDTH: 330px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .TabNavBody .Caselaw = .SearchInput { WIDTH: 330px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .PrimaryNavigation .Backpath { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; OVERFLOW: = hidden; LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; PADDING-TOP: 5px; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; = POSITION: relative; TEXT-OVERFLOW: ellipsis } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content { PADDING-RIGHT: 2em; PADDING-LEFT: 2em; BACKGROUND: #ffffff; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 2em; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 72em; PADDING-TOP: 2em; = POSITION: relative } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults { WIDTH: 58em } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultTitle { FONT-SIZE: 1.2em } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultRank { FLOAT: left; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultTitle { FLOAT: left; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultRank { WIDTH: 50px; COLOR: #333333 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultNumber { DISPLAY: none } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultTitle { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; WIDTH: 35em } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultDate { FLOAT: right } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultMRP { CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; MARGIN-LEFT: 60px; = COLOR: #666666 } .PLOL .MainSearch .Content .InlineAd { CLEAR: both; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 3px; WIDTH: 33em; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .InlineAd { CLEAR: both; MARGIN: 30px 60px; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .SearchResults .ResultMRP FONT { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .ResultsListPager { CLEAR: both; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 0.9em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; WIDTH: 68em; PADDING-TOP: 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .ResultsListPager TD { =09 } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .ResultsListPager A { BORDER-RIGHT: #3d577c 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BORDER-TOP: = #3d577c 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: = #3d577c 1px solid; COLOR: #3d577c; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #3d577c 1px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: none } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .ResultsListPager SPAN { BORDER-RIGHT: #3d577c 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px; BORDER-TOP: = #3d577c 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: = #3d577c; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #3d577c 1px solid; COLOR: = #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #3d577c 1px solid } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .TowerAd { CLEAR: both; FLOAT: right; WIDTH: 13em; HEIGHT: 600px } .PLOL .ExternalSite .Content { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; WIDTH: = 76em! important; PADDING-TOP: 0px } .PLOL .ExternalSite .Content .Frame { WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 100% } .PLOL .SearchWorkflowPage .Content .PrintDocumentAd { BORDER-RIGHT: red 5px solid; BORDER-TOP: red 5px solid; DISPLAY: none; = FLOAT: right; BORDER-LEFT: red 5px solid; WIDTH: 160px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = red 5px solid } .PLOL .Login { TEXT-ALIGN: center } .PLOL .Login .Logo { MARGIN-TOP: 50px; MARGIN-LEFT: 55px } .PLOL .FormWidget { MARGIN-TOP: 40px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; WIDTH: 45em; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto; = TEXT-ALIGN: left } .PLOL .FormWidget H1 { CLEAR: both } .PLOL .FormWidget .Field { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px } .PLOL .FormWidget .Field .Label { DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 0.9em; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 130px } .PLOL .FormWidget .Field .TextInput { WIDTH: 16em } 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-CITE-
11 USC Sec. = 541 01/03/2007

-EXPCITE-
TITLE 11 - BANKRUPTCY
CHAPTER 5 - CREDITORS, THE DEBTOR, AND THE ESTATE
SUBCHAPTER III - THE ESTATE

-HEAD-
Sec. 541. Property of the estate

-STATUTE-
(a) The commencement of a case under section 301, 302, or 303 of
this title creates an estate. Such estate is comprised of all the
following property, wherever located and by whomever held:
(1) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c)(2) of this
section, all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in
property as of the commencement of the case.
(2) All interests of the debtor and the debtor's spouse in
community property as of the commencement of the case that is -=20
(A) under the sole, equal, or joint management and control of
the debtor; or
(B) liable for an allowable claim against the debtor, or for
both an allowable claim against the debtor and an allowable
claim against the debtor's spouse, to the extent that such
interest is so liable.

(3) Any interest in property that the trustee recovers under
section 329(b), 363(n), 543, 550, 553, or 723 of this title.
(4) Any interest in property preserved for the benefit of or
ordered transferred to the estate under section 510(c) or 551 of
this title.
(5) Any interest in property that would have been property of
the estate if such interest had been an interest of the debtor on
the date of the filing of the petition, and that the debtor
acquires or becomes entitled to acquire within 180 days after
such date -=20
(A) by bequest, devise, or inheritance;
(B) as a result of a property settlement agreement with the
debtor's spouse, or of an interlocutory or final divorce
decree; or
(C) as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy or of a death
benefit plan.

(6) Proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of or from
property of the estate, except such as are earnings from services
performed by an individual debtor after the commencement of the
case.
(7) Any interest in property that the estate acquires after the
commencement of the case.

(b) Property of the estate does not include -=20
(1) any power that the debtor may exercise solely for the
benefit of an entity other than the debtor;
(2) any interest of the debtor as a lessee under a lease of
nonresidential real property that has terminated at the
expiration of the stated term of such lease before the
commencement of the case under this title, and ceases to include
any interest of the debtor as a lessee under a lease of
nonresidential real property that has terminated at the
expiration of the stated term of such lease during the case;
(3) any eligibility of the debtor to participate in programs
authorized under the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001
et seq.; 42 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), or any accreditation status or
State licensure of the debtor as an educational institution;
(4) any interest of the debtor in liquid or gaseous
hydrocarbons to the extent that -=20
(A)(i) the debtor has transferred or has agreed to transfer
such interest pursuant to a farmout agreement or any written
agreement directly related to a farmout agreement; and
(ii) but for the operation of this paragraph, the estate
could include the interest referred to in clause (i) only by
virtue of section 365 or 544(a)(3) of this title; or
(B)(i) the debtor has transferred such interest pursuant to a
written conveyance of a production payment to an entity that
does not participate in the operation of the property from
which such production payment is transferred; and
(ii) but for the operation of this paragraph, the estate
could include the interest referred to in clause (i) only by
virtue of section 365 or 542 of this title;

(5) funds placed in an education individual retirement account
(as defined in section 530(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986) not later than 365 days before the date of the filing of
the petition in a case under this title, but -=20
(A) only if the designated beneficiary of such account was a
child, stepchild, grandchild, or stepgrandchild of the debtor
for the taxable year for which funds were placed in such
account;
(B) only to the extent that such funds -=20
(i) are not pledged or promised to any entity in connection
with any extension of credit; and
(ii) are not excess contributions (as described in section
4973(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986); and

(C) in the case of funds placed in all such accounts having
the same designated beneficiary not earlier than 720 days nor
later than 365 days before such date, only so much of such
funds as does not exceed $5,000;

(6) funds used to purchase a tuition credit or certificate or
contributed to an account in accordance with section 529(b)(1)(A)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 under a qualified State
tuition program (as defined in section 529(b)(1) of such Code)
not later than 365 days before the date of the filing of the
petition in a case under this title, but -=20
(A) only if the designated beneficiary of the amounts paid or
contributed to such tuition program was a child, stepchild,
grandchild, or stepgrandchild of the debtor for the taxable
year for which funds were paid or contributed;
(B) with respect to the aggregate amount paid or contributed
to such program having the same designated beneficiary, only so
much of such amount as does not exceed the total contributions
permitted under section 529(b)(7) of such Code with respect to
such beneficiary, as adjusted beginning on the date of the
filing of the petition in a case under this title by the annual
increase or decrease (rounded to the nearest tenth of 1
percent) in the education expenditure category of the Consumer
Price Index prepared by the Department of Labor; and
(C) in the case of funds paid or contributed to such program
having the same designated beneficiary not earlier than 720
days nor later than 365 days before such date, only so much of
such funds as does not exceed $5,000;

(7) any amount -=20
(A) withheld by an employer from the wages of employees for
payment as contributions -=20
(i) to -=20
(I) an employee benefit plan that is subject to title I
of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or
under an employee benefit plan which is a governmental plan
under section 414(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(II) a deferred compensation plan under section 457 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(III) a tax-deferred annuity under section 403(b) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

except that such amount under this subparagraph shall not
constitute disposable income as defined in section
1325(b)(2); or
(ii) to a health insurance plan regulated by State law
whether or not subject to such title; or

(B) received by an employer from employees for payment as
contributions -=20
(i) to -=20
(I) an employee benefit plan that is subject to title I
of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or
under an employee benefit plan which is a governmental plan
under section 414(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(II) a deferred compensation plan under section 457 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(III) a tax-deferred annuity under section 403(b) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

except that such amount under this subparagraph shall not
constitute disposable income, as defined in section
1325(b)(2); or
(ii) to a health insurance plan regulated by State law
whether or not subject to such title;

(8) subject to subchapter III of chapter 5, any interest of the
debtor in property where the debtor pledged or sold tangible
personal property (other than securities or written or printed
evidences of indebtedness or title) as collateral for a loan or
advance of money given by a person licensed under law to make
such loans or advances, where -=20
(A) the tangible personal property is in the possession of
the pledgee or transferee;
(B) the debtor has no obligation to repay the money, redeem
the collateral, or buy back the property at a stipulated price;
and
(C) neither the debtor nor the trustee have exercised any
right to redeem provided under the contract or State law, in a
timely manner as provided under State law and section 108(b);
or

(9) any interest in cash or cash equivalents that constitute
proceeds of a sale by the debtor of a money order that is made -=20
(A) on or after the date that is 14 days prior to the date on
which the petition is filed; and
(B) under an agreement with a money order issuer that
prohibits the commingling of such proceeds with property of the
debtor (notwithstanding that, contrary to the agreement, the
proceeds may have been commingled with property of the debtor),

unless the money order issuer had not taken action, prior to the
filing of the petition, to require compliance with the
prohibition.

Paragraph (4) shall not be construed to exclude from the estate any
consideration the debtor retains, receives, or is entitled to
receive for transferring an interest in liquid or gaseous
hydrocarbons pursuant to a farmout agreement.
(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, an
interest of the debtor in property becomes property of the estate
under subsection (a)(1), (a)(2), or (a)(5) of this section
notwithstanding any provision in an agreement, transfer instrument,
or applicable nonbankruptcy law -=20
(A) that restricts or conditions transfer of such interest by
the debtor; or
(B) that is conditioned on the insolvency or financial
condition of the debtor, on the commencement of a case under this
title, or on the appointment of or taking possession by a trustee
in a case under this title or a custodian before such
commencement, and that effects or gives an option to effect a
forfeiture, modification, or termination of the debtor's interest
in property.

(2) A restriction on the transfer of a beneficial interest of the
debtor in a trust that is enforceable under applicable
nonbankruptcy law is enforceable in a case under this title.
(d) Property in which the debtor holds, as of the commencement of
the case, only legal title and not an equitable interest, such as a
mortgage secured by real property, or an interest in such a
mortgage, sold by the debtor but as to which the debtor retains
legal title to service or supervise the servicing of such mortgage
or interest, becomes property of the estate under subsection (a)(1)
or (2) of this section only to the extent of the debtor's legal
title to such property, but not to the extent of any equitable
interest in such property that the debtor does not hold.
(e) In determining whether any of the relationships specified in
paragraph (5)(A) or (6)(A) of subsection (b) exists, a legally
adopted child of an individual (and a child who is a member of an
individual's household, if placed with such individual by an
authorized placement agency for legal adoption by such individual),
or a foster child of an individual (if such child has as the
child's principal place of abode the home of the debtor and is a
member of the debtor's household) shall be treated as a child of
such individual by blood.
(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, property
that is held by a debtor that is a corporation described in section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax
under section 501(a) of such Code may be transferred to an entity
that is not such a corporation, but only under the same conditions
as would apply if the debtor had not filed a case under this title.

-SOURCE-
(Pub. L. 95-598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2594; Pub. L. 98-353, title
III, Secs. 363(a), 456, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 363, 376; Pub. L.
101-508, title III, Sec. 3007(a)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-
28; Pub. L. 102-486, title XXX, Sec. 3017(b), Oct. 24, 1992, 106
Stat. 3130; Pub. L. 103-394, title II, Secs. 208(b), 223, Oct. 22,
1994, 108 Stat. 4124, 4129; Pub. L. 109-8, title II, Sec. 225(a),
title III, Sec. 323, title XII, Secs. 1212, 1221(c), 1230, Apr. 20,
2005, 119 Stat. 65, 97, 194, 196, 201.)

-MISC1-
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES =20

LEGISLATIVE STATEMENTS =20
Section 541(a)(7) is new. The provision clarifies that any
interest in property that the estate acquires after the
commencement of the case is property of the estate; for example, if
the estate enters into a contract, after the commencement of the
case, such a contract would be property of the estate. The addition
of this provision by the House amendment merely clarifies that
section 541(a) is an all-embracing definition which includes
charges on property, such as liens held by the debtor on property
of a third party, or beneficial rights and interests that the
debtor may have in property of another. However, only the debtor's
interest in such property becomes property of the estate. If the
debtor holds bare legal title or holds property in trust for
another, only those rights which the debtor would have otherwise
had emanating from such interest pass to the estate under section
541. Neither this section nor section 545 will affect various
statutory provisions that give a creditor a lien that is valid both
inside and outside bankruptcy against a bona fide purchaser of
property from the debtor, or that creates a trust fund for the
benefit of creditors meeting similar criteria. See Packers and
Stockyards Act Sec. 206, 7 U.S.C. 196 (1976).
Section 541(c)(2) follows the position taken in the House bill
and rejects the position taken in the Senate amendment with respect
to income limitations on a spend-thrift trust.
Section 541(d) of the House amendment is derived from section
541(e) of the Senate amendment and reiterates the general principle
that where the debtor holds bare legal title without any equitable
interest, that the estate acquires bare legal title without any
equitable interest in the property. The purpose of section 541(d)
as applied to the secondary mortgage market is identical to the
purpose of section 541(e) of the Senate amendment and section
541(d) will accomplish the same result as would have been
accomplished by section 541(e). Even if a mortgage seller retains
for purposes of servicing legal title to mortgages or interests in
mortgages sold in the secondary mortgage market, the trustee would
be required by section 541(d) to turn over the mortgages or
interests in mortgages to the purchaser of those mortgages.
The seller of mortgages in the secondary mortgage market will
often retain the original mortgage notes and related documents and
the seller will not endorse the notes to reflect the sale to the
purchaser. Similarly, the purchaser will often not record the
purchaser's ownership of the mortgages or interests in mortgages
under State recording statutes. These facts are irrelevant and the
seller's retention of the mortgage documents and the purchaser's
decision not to record do not change the trustee's obligation to
turn the mortgages or interests in mortgages over to the purchaser.
The application of section 541(d) to secondary mortgage market
transactions will not be affected by the terms of the servicing
agreement between the mortgage servicer and the purchaser of the
mortgages. Under section 541(d), the trustee is required to
recognize the purchaser's title to the mortgages or interests in
mortgages and to turn this property over to the purchaser. It makes
no difference whether the servicer and the purchaser characterize
their relationship as one of trust, agency, or independent
contractor.
The purpose of section 541(d) as applied to the secondary
mortgage market is therefore to make certain that secondary
mortgage market sales as they are currently structured are not
subject to challenge by bankruptcy trustees and that purchasers of
mortgages will be able to obtain the mortgages or interests in
mortgages which they have purchased from trustees without the
trustees asserting that a sale of mortgages is a loan from the
purchaser to the seller.
Thus, as section 541(a)(1) clearly states, the estate is
comprised of all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in
property as of the commencement of the case. To the extent such an
interest is limited in the hands of the debtor, it is equally
limited in the hands of the estate except to the extent that
defenses which are personal against the debtor are not effective
against the estate.
Property of the estate: The Senate amendment provided that
property of the estate does not include amounts held by the debtor
as trustee and any taxes withheld or collected from others before
the commencement of the case. The House amendment removes these two
provisions. As to property held by the debtor as a trustee, the
House amendment provides that property of the estate will include
whatever interest the debtor held in the property at the
commencement of the case. Thus, where the debtor held only legal
title to the property and the beneficial interest in that property
belongs to another, such as exists in the case of property held in
trust, the property of the estate includes the legal title, but not
the beneficial interest in the property.
As to withheld taxes, the House amendment deletes the rule in the
Senate bill as unnecessary since property of the estate does not
include the beneficial interest in property held by the debtor as a
trustee. Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (section 7501) [26
U.S.C. 7501], the amounts of withheld taxes are held to be a
special fund in trust for the United States. Where the Internal
Revenue Service can demonstrate that the amounts of taxes withheld
are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement of
the case, then if a trust is created, those amounts are not
property of the estate. Compare In re Shakesteers Coffee Shops, 546
F.2d 821 (9th Cir. 1976) with In re Glynn Wholesale Building
Materials, Inc. (S.D. Ga. 1978) and In re Progress Tech Colleges,
Inc., 42 Aftr 2d 78-5573 (S.D. Ohio 1977).
Where it is not possible for the Internal Revenue Service to
demonstrate that the amounts of taxes withheld are still in the
possession of the debtor at the commencement of the case, present
law generally includes amounts of withheld taxes as property of the
estate. See, e.g., United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513 (1973)
[91 S. Ct. 991, 28 L.Ed.2d 273] and In re Tamasha Town and Country
Club, 483 F.2d 1377 (9th Cir. 1973). Nonetheless, a serious problem
exists where "trust fund taxes" withheld from others are held to be
property of the estate where the withheld amounts are commingled
with other assets of the debtor. The courts should permit the use
of reasonable assumptions under which the Internal Revenue Service,
and other tax authorities, can demonstrate that amounts of withheld
taxes are still in the possession of the debtor at the commencement
of the case. For example, where the debtor had commingled that
amount of withheld taxes in his general checking account, it might
be reasonable to assume that any remaining amounts in that account
on the commencement of the case are the withheld taxes. In
addition, Congress may consider future amendments to the Internal
Revenue Code [title 26] making clear that amounts of withheld taxes
are held by the debtor in a trust relationship and, consequently,
that such amounts are not property of the estate.

SENATE REPORT NO. 95-989 =20
This section defines property of the estate, and specifies what
property becomes property of the estate. The commencement of a
bankruptcy case creates an estate. Under paragraph (1) of
subsection (a), the estate is comprised of all legal or equitable
interest of the debtor in property, wherever located, as of the
commencement of the case. The scope of this paragraph is broad. It
includes all kinds of property, including tangible or intangible
property, causes of action (see Bankruptcy Act Sec. 70a(6) [section
110(a)(6) of former title 11]), and all other forms of property
currently specified in section 70a of the Bankruptcy Act Sec. 70a
[section 110(a) of former title 11], as well as property recovered
by the trustee under section 542 of proposed title 11, if the
property recovered was merely out of the possession of the debtor,
yet remained "property of the debtor." The debtor's interest in
property also includes "title" to property, which is an interest,
just as are a possessory interest, or lease-hold interest, for
example. The result of Segal v. Rochelle, 382 U.S. 375 (1966), is
followed, and the right to a refund is property of the estate.
Though this paragraph will include choses in action and claims by
the debtor against others, it is not intended to expand the
debtor's rights against others more than they exist at the
commencement of the case. For example, if the debtor has a claim
that is barred at the time of the commencement of the case by the
statute of limitations, then the trustee would not be able to
pursue that claim, because he too would be barred. He could take no
greater rights than the debtor himself had. But see proposed 11
U.S.C. 108, which would permit the trustee a tolling of the statute
of limitations if it had not run before the date of the filing of
the petition.
Paragraph (1) has the effect of overruling Lockwood v. Exchange
Bank, 190 U.S. 294 (1903), because it includes as property of the
estate all property of the debtor, even that needed for a fresh
start. After the property comes into the estate, then the debtor is
permitted to exempt it under proposed 11 U.S.C. 522, and the court
will have jurisdiction to determine what property may be exempted
and what remains as property of the estate. The broad
jurisdictional grant in proposed 28 U.S.C. 1334 would have the
effect of overruling Lockwood independently of the change made by
this provision.
Paragraph (1) also has the effect of overruling Lines v.
Frederick, 400 U.S. 18 (1970).
Situations occasionally arise where property ostensibly belonging
to the debtor will actually not be property of the debtor, but will
be held in trust for another. For example, if the debtor has
incurred medical bills that were covered by insurance, and the
insurance company had sent the payment of the bills to the debtor
before the debtor had paid the bill for which the payment was
reimbursement, the payment would actually be held in a constructive
trust for the person to whom the bill was owed. This section and
proposed 11 U.S.C. 545 also will not affect various statutory
provisions that give a creditor of the debtor a lien that is valid
outside as well as inside bankruptcy, or that creates a trust fund
for the benefit of a creditor of the debtor. See Packers and
Stockyards Act Sec. 206, 7 U.S.C. 196.
Bankruptcy Act Sec. 8 [section 26 of former title 11] has been
deleted as unnecessary. Once the estate is created, no interests in
property of the estate remain in the debtor. Consequently, if the
debtor dies during the case, only property exempted from property
of the estate or acquired by the debtor after the commencement of
the case and not included as property of the estate will be
available to the representative of the debtor's probate estate. The
bankruptcy proceeding will continue in rem with respect to property
of the state, and the discharge will apply in personam to relieve
the debtor, and thus his probate representative, of liability for
dischargeable debts.
The estate also includes the interests of the debtor and the
debtor's spouse in community property, subject to certain
limitations; property that the trustee recovers under the avoiding
powers; property that the debtor acquires by bequest, devise,
inheritance, a property settlement agreement with the debtor's
spouse, or as the beneficiary of a life insurance policy within 180
days after the petition; and proceeds, product, offspring, rents,
and profits of or from property of the estate, except such as are
earning from services performed by an individual debtor after the
commencement of the case. Proceeds here is not used in a confining
sense, as defined in the Uniform Commercial Code, but is intended
to be a broad term to encompass all proceeds of property of the
estate. The conversion in form of property of the estate does not
change its character as property of the estate.
Subsection (b) excludes from property of the estate any power,
such as a power of appointment, that the debtor may exercise solely
for the benefit of an entity other than the debtor. This changes
present law which excludes powers solely benefiting other persons
but not other entities.
Subsection (c) invalidates restrictions on the transfer of
property of the debtor, in order that all of the interests of the
debtor in property will become property of the estate. The
provisions invalidated are those that restrict or condition
transfer of the debtor's interest, and those that are conditioned
on the insolvency or financial condition of the debtor, on the
commencement of a bankruptcy case, or on the appointment of a
custodian of the debtor's property. Paragraph (2) of subsection
(c), however, preserves restrictions on a transfer of a spendthrift
trust that the restriction is enforceable nonbankruptcy law to the
extent of the income reasonably necessary for the support of a
debtor and his dependents.
Subsection (d) [enacted as (e)], derived from section 70c of the
Bankruptcy Act [section 110(c) of former title 11], gives the
estate the benefit of all defenses available to the debtor as
against an entity other than the estate, including such defenses as
statutes of limitations, statutes of frauds, usury, and other
personal defenses, and makes waiver by the debtor after the
commencement of the case ineffective to bind the estate.
Section 541(e) [enacted as (d)] confirms the current status under
the Bankruptcy Act [former title 11] of bona fide secondary
mortgage market transactions as the purchase and sale of assets.
Mortgages or interests in mortgages sold in the secondary market
should not be considered as part of the debtor's estate. To permit
the efficient servicing of mortgages or interests in mortgages the
seller often retains the original mortgage notes and related
documents, and the purchaser records under State recording statutes
the purchaser's ownership of the mortgages or interests in
mortgages purchased. Section 541(e) makes clear that the seller's
retention of the mortgage documents and the purchaser's decision
not to record do not impair the asset sale character of secondary
mortgage market transactions. The committee notes that in secondary
mortgage market transactions the parties may characterize their
relationship as one of trust, agency, or independent contractor.
The characterization adopted by the parties should not affect the
statutes in bankruptcy on bona fide secondary mortgage market
purchases and sales.

-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT =20
The Higher Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (b)(3),
is Pub. L. 89-329, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219, as amended, which
is classified principally to chapter 28 (Sec. 1001 et seq.) of
Title 20, Education. For complete classification of this Act to the
Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 20
and Tables.
The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsecs. (b)(5)
to (7) and (f), is classified generally to Title 26, Internal
Revenue Code.
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to
in subsec. (b)(7)(A)(i)(I), (B)(i)(I), is Pub. L. 93-406, Sept. 2,
1974, 88 Stat. 829, as amended. Title I of the Act is classified
generally to subchapter I (Sec. 1001 et seq.) of chapter 18 of
Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the
Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29
and Tables.

-MISC2-
AMENDMENTS =20
2005 - Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 225(a)(1)(A), struck
out "or" at end.
Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 1212, inserted "365
or" before "542".
Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 225(a)(1)(C), added
pars. (5) and (6). Former par. (5) redesignated (9).
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 323, added par. (7).
Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 1230, added par. (8).
Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 225(a)(1)(B), redesignated
par. (5) as (9).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 225(a)(2), added subsec. (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109-8, Sec. 1221(c), added subsec. (f).
1994 - Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103-394, Sec. 208(b), designated
existing provisions of subpar. (A) as cl. (i) of subpar. (A),
redesignated subpar. (B) as cl. (ii) of subpar. (A), substituted
"the interest referred to in clause (i)" for "such interest",
substituted "; or" for period at end of cl. (ii), and added subpar.
(B).
Pub. L. 103-394, Sec. 223(2), which directed the amendment of
subsec. (b)(4) by striking out period at end and inserting "; or",
was executed by inserting "or" after semicolon at end of subsec.
(b)(4)(B)(ii), as added by Pub. L. 103-394, Sec. 208(b)(3), to
reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 103-394, Sec. 223, added par. (5).
1992 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102-486 added par. (4) and closing
provisions.
1990 - Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 101-508 added par. (3).
1984 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(a)(1), (2), struck
out "under" after "under" and inserted "and by whomever held" after
"located".
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(a)(3), inserted "329(b),
363(n),".
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(a)(4), substituted "Any"
for "An".
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(a)(5), substituted "or
profits" for "and profits".
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 363(a), amended subsec. (b)
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows:
"Property of the estate does not include any power that the debtor
may only exercise solely for the benefit of an entity other than
the debtor."
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(b)(1), inserted "in an
agreement, transfer, instrument, or applicable nonbankruptcy law".
Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(b)(2), substituted
"taking" for "the taking", and inserted "before such commencement"
after "custodian".
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(c), inserted "(1) or (2)"
after "(a)".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-353, Sec. 456(d), struck out subsec. (e)
which read as follows: "The estate shall have the benefit of any
defense available to the debtor as against an entity other than the
estate, including statutes of limitation, statutes of frauds,
usury, and other personal defenses. A waiver of any such defense by
the debtor after the commencement of the case does not bind the
estate."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT =20
Amendment by section 1221(c) of Pub. L. 109-8 applicable to cases
pending under this title on Apr. 20, 2005, or filed under this
title on or after Apr. 20, 2005, with certain exceptions, see
section 1221(d) of Pub. L. 109-8, set out as a note under section
363 of this title.
Amendment by sections 225(a), 323, 1212, and 1230 of Pub. L. 109-
8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with
respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective
date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109-
8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT =20
Amendment by Pub. L. 103-394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not
applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before
Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103-394, set out as a
note under section 101 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT =20
Amendment by Pub. L. 102-486 effective Oct. 24, 1992, but not
applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before
Oct. 24, 1992, see section 3017(c) of Pub. L. 102-486, set out as a
note under section 101 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT =20
Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed
90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353,
set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

ADJUSTMENT OF DOLLAR AMOUNTS =20
For adjustment of dollar amounts specified in subsec. (b)(5)(C),
(6)(C) of this section by the Judicial Conference of the United
States, see note set out under section 104 of this title.

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